Maternal health specialists have asserted that effective infection control during pregnancy can minimize the likelihood of babies being born with both structural and functional birth defects.
The gynecologists indicated that congenital disorders, also referred to as congenital anomalies, may be preventable through vaccinations, lifestyle changes, and infection management during pregnancy. They explained that congenital disorders include structural anomalies like hearing impairments and heart defects, which can result in physical disabilities, intellectual challenges, and other health issues.
The physicians noted that while congenital disorders linked to environmental factors—like maternal exposure to specific medications, chemicals, and alcohol—can be prevented, genetic factors such as mutations are beyond prevention. They emphasized that although not all congenital disorders are treatable, it is crucial for parents to recognize these triggers to safeguard their unborn children.
According to a World Health Organization report dated February 27, 2023, approximately 240,000 newborns globally die within the first 28 days of life each year due to congenital disorders, with an additional 170,000 deaths occurring among children aged one month to five years.
The global health organization pointed out that congenital disorders can lead to long-term disabilities, placing a considerable strain on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. Alarmingly, nine out of ten children born with serious congenital disorders live in low- and middle-income countries.
“As neonatal and under-5 mortality rates decline, congenital disorders account for a larger proportion of neonatal and under-5 deaths. The most common severe congenital disorders include heart defects, neural tube defects, and Down syndrome.
“While congenital disorders can arise from a combination of genetic, infectious, nutritional, or environmental factors, pinpointing the exact causes is often challenging,” the WHO reported.
NAIJATRAFFIC noted that the physicians emphasized that preventing congenital disorders requires addressing modifiable risk factors and offering genetic counseling for families with a history of hereditary disorders.
They stated that some congenital disorders can indeed be avoided, highlighting that vaccinations, adequate intake of folic acid and iodine through fortified foods or supplementation, and proper care pre- and during pregnancy serve as effective preventative measures.
Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Dr. Chukwuneme Okpala, explained that consistent prenatal care and monitoring of fetal health are essential for avoiding congenital disorders.
Okpala, who characterized congenital disorders as those present at or before birth, stressed that fostering a healthy lifestyle prior to and during pregnancy—such as following a balanced diet, avoiding harmful substances, and managing chronic health issues—can significantly lower risks.
He underscored the critical role of vaccinations in preventing infections that could result in congenital anomalies, remarking that early diagnosis and intervention can greatly enhance outcomes and quality of life.
Okpala stated, “Disease prevention is crucial in preventing congenital disorders. Through vaccination, mothers can mitigate several diseases that pose risks to unborn babies.”
He also mentioned that lifestyle changes can help prevent diabetes, a known risk factor for congenital disorders in unborn children. “Regular check-ups are also vital for monitoring maternal and fetal health, allowing for the early detection of potential issues,” he observed.
He explained that the management of congenital disorders often necessitates a multidisciplinary strategy, integrating early intervention services, surgical options, and continual medical care tailored to individual needs.
He warned against using certain medications, particularly recreational drugs, before and during pregnancy due to their high-risk profiles.
While he acknowledged that genetic issues cannot be controlled, he strongly recommended effectively managing diabetes, one of the most prevalent causes of congenital disorders.
Regarding treatment and management, he remarked, “Some congenital disorders are compatible with life, while those that are not will result in death shortly after birth. Screening and monitoring fetal development are essential.”
For cases where survival seems unlikely, he explained that doctors would make informed decisions. He noted that in some countries, laws allow for the termination of high-risk pregnancies on medical and social grounds, although this practice is rare in Nigeria.
He highlighted that while certain congenital conditions can be addressed surgically, the nature of the condition is crucial. “For instance, a child born without a brain will not survive after birth, while others may be born without limbs. Ultimately, many of these conditions can be prevented or managed through modifiable lifestyle choices.”
Dr. Cynthia Okafor, another Consultant Gynaecologist and Obstetrician at Epe General Hospital in Lagos, emphasized that maintaining healthy diets among adolescent girls and mothers can significantly lower the risk of these conditions in the nation.
She stressed the necessity of consuming a diverse range of fruits and vegetables and maintaining a healthy weight to reduce the chance of congenital disorders while also enhancing the quality of life for children.
Okafor pointed out the importance of a proper intake of vitamins and minerals, especially folic acid, for adolescent girls and mothers. She advised against exposure to harmful substances, particularly alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs.
“Reducing environmental exposure to hazardous substances, such as heavy metals and pesticides, during pregnancy is crucial. Administering insulin to diabetic patients who need it can be very helpful.
“Vaccination is one of the most important and cost-effective strategies to prevent various childhood diseases. Therefore, vaccinating against illnesses such as the rubella virus is highly recommended for women planning to conceive,” she recommended.
She further noted the necessity of enhancing awareness and education among healthcare workers and others involved in the promotion of congenital disorder prevention. Screening for infections, especially syphilis, and administering treatment when necessary is vital.
She acknowledged that some congenital disorders can be managed with medical or surgical interventions, although access to such healthcare can vary by country and different healthcare levels.
She explained that surgery, along with diligent follow-up care, can often alleviate the lethal potential associated with congenital heart defects or lessen morbidity tied to structural congenital disorders.
“Outcomes improve with early detection at lower levels of the healthcare system through screening, referral, and management at specialized centers, particularly for issues like cardiac defects,” she explained.
Okafor concluded by stating that children with certain congenital disorders may require long-term assistance, including physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and support from families and the community.
